The near-infrared calibration unit (NI-CU) on board Euclid’s Near-Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer (NISP) is the first astronomical calibration lamp based on light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to be operated in space. Euclid is a mission in ESA’s Cosmic Vision 2015–2025 framework to explore the dark universe and provide a next-level characterisation of the nature of gravitation, dark matter, and dark energy. Calibrating photometric and spectrometric measurements of galaxies to better than 1.5% accuracy in a survey homogeneously mapping ~14 000 deg2 of extragalactic sky requires a very detailed characterisation of near-infrared (NIR) detector properties as well as constant monitoring of them in flight. To cover two of the main contributions – relative pixel-to-pixel sensitivity and non-linearity characteristics – and to support other calibration activities, NI-CU was designed to provide spatially approximately homogeneous (<12% variations) and temporally stable illumination (0.1–0.2% over 1200 s) over the NISP detector plane with minimal power consumption and energy dissipation. NI-CU covers the spectral range ~[900,I900] nm – at cryo-operating temperature – at five fixed independent wavelengths to capture wavelength-dependent behaviour of the detectors, with fluence over a dynamic range of \u2273100 from ~15 ph s−1 pixel−1 to >1500 ph s−1 pixel−1. For this functionality, NI-CU is based on LEDs. We describe the rationale behind the decision and design process, the challenges in sourcing the right LEDs, and the qualification process and lessons learned. We also provide a description of the completed NI-CU, its capabilities, and performance as well as its limits. NI-CU has been integrated into NISP and the Euclid satellite, and since Euclid’s launch in July 2023, it has started supporting survey operations.
", "doi": "10.1051/0004-6361/202450345", "issn": "0004-6361", "publisher": "EDP Sciences", "publication": "Astronomy & Astrophysics", "publication_date": "2025-05", "volume": "697", "pages": "A4" }, { "id": "authors:hwc6f-xsd60", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "hwc6f-xsd60", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/hwc6f-xsd60", "type": "article", "title": "Euclid. III. 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E.", "orcid": "0000-0003-1887-1018" }, { "family_name": "Mart\u00edn-Fleitas", "given_name": "J.", "orcid": "0000-0002-8594-569X" }, { "family_name": "Oppizzi", "given_name": "F.", "orcid": "0000-0003-3904-8370" }, { "literal": "Euclid Collaboration" } ], "abstract": "The Near-Infrared Spectrometer and Photometer (NISP) on board the Euclid satellite provides multiband photometry and R \u2273 450 slitless grism spectroscopy in the 950–2020 nm wavelength range. In this reference article, we illuminate the background of NISP’s functional and calibration requirements, describe the instrument’s integral components, and provide all its key properties. We also sketch the processes needed to understand how NISP operates and is calibrated as well as its technical potentials and limitations. Links to articles providing more details and the technical background are included. The NISP’s 16 HAWAII-2RG (H2RG) detectors with a plate scale of 0″.3 pixel−1 deliver a field of view of 0.57 deg2. In photometric mode, NISP reaches a limiting magnitude of ~24.5 AB mag in three photometric exposures of about 100 s in exposure time for point sources and with a S/N of five. For spectroscopy, NISP’s pointsource sensitivity is a signal-to-noise ratio = 3.5 detection of an emission line with flux ~2 × 10−16 erg s−1 cm−2 integrated over two resolution elements of 13.4 Å in 3 × 560 s grism exposures at 1.6 µm (redshifted Hα). Our calibration includes on-ground and in-flight characterisation and monitoring of the pixel-based detector baseline, dark current, non-linearity, and sensitivity to guarantee a relative photometric accuracy better than 1.5% and a relative spectrophotometry better than 0.7%. The wavelength calibration must be accurate to 5 Å or better. The NISP is the state-of-the-art instrument in the near-infrared for all science beyond small areas available from HST and JWST – and it represents an enormous advance from any existing instrumentation due to its combination of field size and high throughput of telescope and instrument. During Euclid’s six-year survey covering 14 000 deg2 of extragalactic sky, NISP will be the backbone in determining distances of more than a billion galaxies. Its near-infrared data will become a rich reference imaging and spectroscopy data set for the coming decades.
", "doi": "10.1051/0004-6361/202450786", "issn": "0004-6361", "publisher": "EDP Sciences", "publication": "Astronomy & Astrophysics", "publication_date": "2025-05", "volume": "697", "pages": "A3" } ]