Wearable sweat sensors enable noninvasive real-time biochemical monitoring, holding immense potential for personalized health care applications. However, achieving prolonged and reliable sweat sampling, along with stable biochemical analysis, remains challenging due to inconsistent secretion, rapid evaporation, and the reliance on external stimulation. Here, we present BMS3, a bioinspired microfluidic wearable sweat sensor system designed for multiday continuous metabolic monitoring. BMS3 integrates hierarchically graded microchannels and superhydrophobic-superhydrophilic Janus membranes, inspired by pitcher plant trichomes and lotus leaves to enable efficient low volume sweat collection, transport, and renewal. A miniaturized carbachol gel–based iontophoresis module autonomously induces localized sweat secretion. Furthermore, the microfluidic design sustains sweat sampling for over 2 days from a single iontophoresis session, eliminating the need for physical exertion. In vitro and in vivo studies in healthy participants and patients with gout demonstrate BMS3's capability for continuous metabolic monitoring. By simultaneously tracking uric acid, xanthine, and alcohol levels, it effectively differentiates normal and pathological states while delivering timely therapeutic feedback.
", "doi": "10.1126/sciadv.adw9024", "pmcid": "PMC12346344", "issn": "2375-2548", "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science", "publication": "Science Advances", "publication_date": "2025-08-15", "series_number": "33", "volume": "11", "issue": "33", "pages": "eadw9024" }, { "id": "authors:sjcxr-y7f36", "collection": "authors", "collection_id": "sjcxr-y7f36", "cite_using_url": "https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/sjcxr-y7f36", "type": "article", "title": "Highly Stretchable Thermoelectric Fiber with Embedded Copper(I) Iodide Nanoparticles for a Multimodal Temperature, Strain, and Pressure Sensor in Wearable Electronics", "author": [ { "family_name": "Yoon", "given_name": "Kukro", "orcid": "0000-0002-6875-2159", "clpid": "Yoon-Kukro" }, { "family_name": "Lee", "given_name": "Sanghyeon", "clpid": "Lee-Sanghyeon" }, { "family_name": "Kwon", "given_name": "Chaebeen", "clpid": "Kwon-Chaebeen" }, { "family_name": "Won", "given_name": "Chihyeong", "orcid": "0000-0003-2141-7983", "clpid": "Won-Chihyeong" }, { "family_name": "Cho", "given_name": "Sungjoon", "clpid": "Cho-Sungjoon" }, { "family_name": "Lee", "given_name": "Seungmin", "clpid": "Lee-Seungmin" }, { "family_name": "Lee", "given_name": "Minkyu", "clpid": "Lee-Minkyu" }, { "family_name": "Lee", "given_name": "Jinhan", "clpid": "Lee-Jinhan" }, { "family_name": "Lee", "given_name": "Hyeokjun", "clpid": "Lee-Hyeokjun" }, { "family_name": "Jang", "given_name": "Kyung\u2010In", "orcid": "0000-0002-4664-5029", "clpid": "Jang-Kyung\u2010In" }, { "family_name": "Kim", "given_name": "Byeonggwan", "orcid": "0000-0001-5910-6254", "clpid": "Kim-Byeonggwan" }, { "family_name": "Lee", "given_name": "Taeyoon", "orcid": "0000-0002-8269-0257", "clpid": "Lee-Taeyoon" } ], "abstract": "Thermoelectric (TE) fibers have excellent potential for multimodal sensor, which can detect mechanical and thermal stimuli, used in advanced wearable electronics for personalized healthcare system. However, previously reported TE fibers have limitations for use in wearable multimodal sensors due to the following reasons: 1) TE fibers composed of carbon or organic materials have low TE performance to detect thermal variations effectively; 2) TE fibers composed of rigid inorganic materials are not stretchable, limiting their ability to detect mechanical deformation. Herein, the first stretchable TE fiber-based multimodal sensor is developed using copper(I) iodide (CuI), an inorganic TE material, through a novel fabrication method. The dense CuI nanoparticle networks embedded in the fiber allow the sensor to achieve excellent stretchability (maximum tensile strain of ≈835%) and superior TE performance (Seebeck coefficient of ≈203.6 µV K−1) simultaneously. The sensor exhibits remarkable performances in strain sensing (gauge factor of ≈3.89 with tensile strain range of ≈200%) and pressure sensing (pressure resolution of ≈250 Pa with pressure range of ≈84 kPa). Additionally, the sensor enables independent and simultaneous temperature change, tensile strain, and pressure sensing by measuring distinct parameters. It is seamlessly integrated into a smart glove, demonstrating its practical application in wearable technology.
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